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.. _mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslintro:
sslintro
========
.. container::
.. note::
- This page is part of the :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_old_ssl_reference` that
we are migrating into the format described in the `MDN Style
inclined to help with this migration, your help would be very much appreciated.
- Upgraded documentation may be found in the :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_reference`
.. rubric:: Overview of an SSL Application
:name: Overview_of_an_SSL_Application
--------------
.. _chapter_1_overview_of_an_ssl_application:
`Chapter 1
<#chapter_1_overview_of_an_ssl_application>`__ Overview of an SSL Application
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.. container::
SSL and related APIs allow compliant applications to configure sockets for authenticated,
tamper-proof, and encrypted communications. This chapter introduces some of the basic SSL
functions. `Chapter 2, "Getting Started With SSL" <gtstd.html#1005439>`__ illustrates their use
in sample client and server applications.
An SSL application typically includes five parts:
| `Initialization <#1027662>`__
| `Configuration <#1027742>`__
| `Communication <#1027816>`__
| `Functions Used by Callbacks <#1027820>`__
| `Cleanup <#1030535>`__
Although the details differ somewhat for client and server applications, the concepts and many of
the functions are the same for both.
**WARNING:** Some of the SSL header files provided as part of NSS 2.0 include both public APIs
documented in the NSS 2.0 documentation set and private APIs intended for internal use by the
NSS implementation of SSL. You should use only the SSL APIs (and related certificate, key, and
PKCS #11 APIs) that are described in this document, the SSL Reference. Other APIs that may be
exposed in the header files are not supported for application use.
.. _initialization_2:
` <#initialization_2>`__ Initialization
---------------------------------------
.. container::
Initialization includes setting up configuration files, setting global defaults, and setting up
callback functions. Functions used in the initialization part of an application can include the
following:
- ``PR_Init``. Initializes NSPR. Must be called before any other NSS functions.
- ```PK11_SetPasswordFunc`` <pkfnc.html#1023128>`__. Sets the global callback function to
obtain passwords for PKCS #11 modules. Required.
- ``NSS_Init``. Sets up configuration files and performs other tasks required to run Network
Security Services. ``NSS_Init`` is *not* idempotent, so call it only once. Required.
- ``SSL_OptionSetDefault``. Changes default values for all subsequently opened sockets as long
as the application is running (compare with
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1087792` which only configures the socket that
is currently open). This function must be called once for each default value that needs to be
changed. Optional.
- :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1228530`,
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1100285`,
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1105952`, or
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1104647`. These functions tell the library
which cipher suites are permitted by policy (for example, to comply with export restrictions).
Cipher suites disabled by policy cannot be enabled by user preference. One of these functions
must be called before any cryptographic operations can be performed with NSS.
- :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1084747`. Enables all ciphers chosen by user
preference. Optional.
.. _initializing_caches:
`Initializing Caches <#initializing_caches>`__
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. container::
SSL peers frequently reconnect after a relatively short time has passed. To avoid the overhead of
repeating the full SSL handshake in situations like this, the SSL protocol supports the use of a
session cache, which retains information about each connection, such as the master secret
generated during the SSL handshake, for a predetermined length of time. If SSL can locate the
information about a previous connection in the local session cache, it can reestablish the
connection much more quickly than it can without the connection information.
By default, SSL allocates one session cache. This default cache is called the *client session ID
cache*, (also known as the client session cache, or simply the client cache). The client cache is
used for all sessions where the program handshakes as an SSL client. It is not configurable. You
can initialize the client cache with the function
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1138601`.
If an application will use SSL sockets that handshake as a server, you must specifically create
and configure a server cache, using either
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1143851` or
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1142625`. The server cache is used for all
sessions where the program handshakes as an SSL server.
- :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1138601`. Clears all sessions from the client
session cache. Optional.
- :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1143851`. Sets up parameters for a server
session cache for a single-process application. Required for single-process server
applications.
- :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1142625`. Sets up parameters for a server
cache for a multi-process application. Required for multi-process server applications. You can
use either this function or :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1143851`, not
both.
.. _configuration_2:
` <#configuration_2>`__ Configuration
-------------------------------------
.. container::
The configuration portion of an SSL-enabled application typically begins by opening a new socket
and then importing the new socket into the SSL environment:
- ``PR_NewTCPSocket``. Opens a new socket. A legal NSPR socket is required to be passed to
``SSL_ImportFD``, whether it is created with this function or by another method.
- ``SSL_ImportFD``. Makes an NSPR socket into an SSL socket. Required. Brings an ordinary NSPR
socket into the SSL library, returning a new NSPR socket that can be used to make SSL calls.
You can pass this function a *model* file descriptor to create the new SSL socket with the
same configuration state as the model.
It is also possible for an application to import a socket into SSL after the TCP connection on
that socket has already been established. In this case, initial configuration takes place in the
same way: pass the existing NSPR file descriptor to ``SSL_ImportFD`` and perform any additional
configuration that has not already been determined by the model file descriptor.
Configuration functions control the configuration of an individual socket.
- ``PR_GetSocketOption``. Retrieves the socket options currently set for a specified socket.
Optional.
- ``PR_SetSocketOption``. Sets the socket options for a specified socket., including making it
blocking or nonblocking. Optional.
- :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1086543`. Sets a single configuration
parameter of a specified socket. This function must be called once for each parameter whose
settings you want to change from those established with ``SSL_OptionSetDefault``. Optional.
- :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1217647`. For servers only. Configures the
socket with the information needed to handshake as an SSL server. Required for servers.
- :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1087792`. For clients only. Records the
target server URL for comparison with the URL specified by the server certificate. Required
for clients.
Callbacks and helper functions allow you to specify such things as how authentication is
accomplished and what happens if it fails.
- ``SSL_SetPKCS11PinArg``. Sets the argument passed to the PKCS #11 password callback function.
Required.
- ``SSL_AuthCertificateHook``. Specifies a callback function used to authenticate an incoming
certificate (optional for servers, necessary for clients to avoid "man-in-the-middle"
attacks). Optional. If not specified, SSL uses the default callback function,
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1088888`.
- ``SSL_BadCertHook``. Specifies a callback function to deal with a situation where
authentication has failed. Optional.
- ``SSL_GetClientAuthDataHook``. Specifies a callback function for SSL to use when the server
asks for client authentication information. This callback is required if you want to do client
authentication. You can set the callback function to a standard one that is provided,
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1106762`.
- ``SSL_HandshakeCallback``. Specifies a callback function that will be used by SSL to inform
either a client application or a server application when the SSL handshake is completed.
Optional.
.. _communication_2:
` <#communication_2>`__ Communication
-------------------------------------
.. container::
At this point the application has set up the socket to communicate using SSL. For simple
encrypted and authenticated communications, no further calls to SSL functions are required. A
variety of additional SSL functions are available, however. These can be used, for example, when
interrupting and restarting socket communications, when the application needs to change socket
parameters, or when an application imports a socket into SSL after the TCP connection on that
socket has already been established.
Communication between SSL sockets always begins with the SSL handshake. The handshake occurs
automatically the first time communication is requested with a socket read/write or send/receive
call. It is also possible to force the handshake explicitly with
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1133431` or repeat it explicitly with
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1232052`.
Once the SSL sockets have been configured, authentication and encryption happen automatically
whenever you use the communication functions from the NSPR library.
A server application typically uses these functions to establish a connection:
``PR_Bind PR_Listen PR_Accept PR_GetSockName``
A client application typically uses these functions to establish a connection:
| ``PR_GetHostByName``
| ``PR_EnumerateHostEnt``
| ``PR_Connect``
| ``PR_GetConnectStatus``
When an application imports a socket into SSL after the TCP connection on that socket has already
been established, it must call :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1058001` to
determine whether SSL should behave like an SSL client or an SSL server. Note that this step
would not be necessary if the socket weren't already connected. For an SSL socket that is
configured before it is connected, SSL figures this out when the application calls ``PR_Connect``
or ``PR_Accept``. If the socket is already connected before SSL gets involved, you must provide
this extra hint.
Functions that can be used by both clients and servers during communication include the
following:
| ``PR_Send`` or ``PR_Write``
| ``PR_Read`` or ``PR_Recv``
| ``PR_GetError``
| ``PR_GetPeerName``
| ``PR_Sleep``
| ``PR_Malloc``
| ``PR_Free``
| ``PR_Poll``
| ``PR_Now``
| ``PR_IntervalToMilliseconds``
| ``PR_MillisecondsToInterval``
| ``PR_Shutdown``
| ``PR_Close``
| :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1089420`
After establishing a connection, an application first calls ``PR_Send``, ``PR_Recv``,
``PR_Read``, ``PR_Write``, or ``SSL_ForceHandshake`` to initiate the handshake. The application's
protocol (for example, HTTP) determines which end has responsibility to talk first. The end that
has to talk first should call ``PR_Send`` or ``PR_Write``, and the other end should call
``PR_Read`` or ``PR_Recv``.
Use :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1133431` when the socket has been prepared
for a handshake but neither end has anything to say immediately. This occurs, for example, when
an HTTPS server has received a request and determines that before it can answer the request, it
needs to request an authentication certificate from the client. At the HTTP protocol level,
nothing more is being said (that is, no HTTP request or response is being sent), so the server
first uses :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1232052` to begin a new handshake and
then call ``SSL_ForceHandshake`` to drive the handshake to completion.
.. _functions_used_by_callbacks:
`Functions Used by Callbacks <#functions_used_by_callbacks>`__
--------------------------------------------------------------
.. container::
An SSL application typically provides one or more callback functions that are called by the SSL
or PKCS #11 library code under certain circumstances. Numerous functions provided by the NSS
libraries are useful for such application callback functions, including these:
| ```CERT_CheckCertValidTimes`` <sslcrt.html#1056662>`__
| ```CERT_GetDefaultCertDB`` <sslcrt.html#1052308>`__
| ```CERT_DestroyCertificate`` <sslcrt.html#1050532>`__
| ```CERT_DupCertificate`` <sslcrt.html#1058344>`__
| ```CERT_FindCertByName`` <sslcrt.html#1050345>`__
| ```CERT_FreeNicknames`` <sslcrt.html#1050349>`__
| ```CERT_GetCertNicknames`` <sslcrt.html#1050346>`__
| ```CERT_VerifyCertName`` <sslcrt.html#1050342>`__
| ```CERT_VerifyCertNow`` <sslcrt.html#1058011>`__
| ```PK11_FindCertFromNickname`` <pkfnc.html#1035673>`__
| ```PK11_FindKeyByAnyCert`` <pkfnc.html#1026891>`__
| ```PK11_SetPasswordFunc`` <pkfnc.html#1023128>`__
| ``PL_strcpy``
| ``PL_strdup``
| ``PL_strfree``
| ``PL_strlen``
| :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1096168`
| :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1081175`
| :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1123385`
.. _cleanup_2:
` <#cleanup_2>`__ Cleanup
-------------------------
.. container::
This portion of an SSL-enabled application consists primarily of closing the socket and freeing
memory. After these tasks have been performed, call
:ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1061858` to close the certificate and key
databases opened by :ref:`mozilla_projects_nss_ssl_functions_sslfnc#1067601`, and ``PR_Cleanup``
to coordinate a graceful shutdown of NSPR.